p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; } O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir a concepção de Direito, Justiça e Estado no pensamento estoico greco-romano, demonstrando a atualidade do tema e suas conexões com problemas contemporâneos tratados pela Filosofia do Direito, tais como os da legitimidade do poder e do universalismo da ordem jurídica. Em um primeiro momento são apresentados e problematizados elementos centrais da filosofia estoica, tais como as noções de lei natural, liberdade interior, igualdade formal e universalismo. Em seguida, mediante (...) uma análise histórica e filosófica de caráter crítico-comparativo são apresentados os três principais projetos de república pensados pelos estoicos: 1) a república radical e igualitarista de Zenão (ap. 334 a.C. – 262 a.C.), na qual se nega a juridicidade, eis que o direito é entendido como construção artificial que impede a fruição da liberdade; 2) a república legalista de Cícero (106 a.C. – 43 a.C.), quando o direito natural é positivado para servir enquanto instância racional de auto-reflexão e de auto-fundamentação das normas jurídico positivas e, finalmente, 3) a “república” de Sêneca (4 a.C. – 65 d.C.), na qual o direito inicialmente se deixa absorver pelo poder pessoal do Imperador Romano para, em um segundo momento, mostrar-se como elemento universal, preparando assim as bases para a futura concepção de direitos fundamentais própria da modernidade. (shrink)

Le présent article part d’une proposition de Giorgio Agamben issue du livre La communauté qui vient, consistant à penser une communauté non appropriable, c’est-à-dire, une communauté pour des individus ontologiquement indéterminés et qui ne pouvant pas être appropriés par les appareils du pouvoir. En ce sens, nous essayons de montrer comment la formation sociale conçue par Agamben peut dialoguer avec l’idée de multitude de Michael Hardt et Antonio Negri. À cette fin, sont exposées les similitudes entre la communauté « qui (...) vient » de Agamben et la multitude. En séquence, nous discutons le rôle individualisant de la loi et de la politique occidentale, comprises comme mécanismes hiérarchiques dont la fonction est précisément d’empêcher l’émergence de la multitude. (shrink)

Le présent article part d’une proposition de Giorgio Agamben issue du livre La communauté qui vient, consistant à penser une communauté non appropriable, c’est-à-dire, une communauté pour des individus ontologiquement indéterminés et qui ne pouvant pas être appropriés par les appareils du pouvoir. En ce sens, nous essayons de montrer comment la formation sociale conçue par Agamben peut dialoguer avec l’idée de multitude de Michael Hardt et Antonio Negri. À cette fin, sont exposées les similitudes entre la communauté « qui (...) vient » de Agamben et la multitude. En séquence, nous discutons le rôle individualisant de la loi et de la politique occidentale, comprises comme mécanismes hiérarchiques dont la fonction est précisément d’empêcher l’émergence de la multitude. (shrink)

The purpose of the present study is to present a critical view on Hans Kelsen's new work, Secular Religion , finished in 1964 but published only in 2012. The treatise starts with a reflection on the contemporary relevance of the problem of the bonds between Science, Politics and Religion in the Modern Times, and examines the main theses contained in Secular Religion , by pointing out its strong and weak points, and concludes with a general account on Kelsen's point of (...) view concerning the nascent "political theology". In short, Kelsen intends to demonstrate the conservative and deceptive outlines of the attitude held by many intellectuals – Erich Voegelin, Karl Löwith, Arnold J. Toynbee, Etienne Gilson, Carl Schmitt, Martin Heidegger etc. – who see religious elements in the fundamental structures of the Modern times, such as: Philosophy, Science and Politics. According to Kelsen, such identification is not only false but also dangerous, given the fact that the characterization of the laic and democratic project of the Modern Times as some kind of religion can lead to the theologization of the thought, which is typical of totalitarian political systems. (shrink)

Considering the basic assumption that the modern Law and State theory does not only bear similarities, but also draws true epistemological parallels to theconstructions of Theology, Hans Kelsen intends to lay bare the ideological meaning that lies at the very core of the traditional dualism which constitutes Law and State into autonomous entities. Taking into account Kelsen´s original perceptions – which are seconded by more recent contributions from Claude Lefort and Hans Lindahl’s political and symbolic concepts and from Carl Schmitt’s (...) notions on political theology – our intention is now to demonstrate the highly conservative role played by the duality of the Law/State structure, whose aim is to remove, from under the sway of legal control, a considerable part of the State’s actions.Herebelow, therefore, we will analyse the very legitimacy of the so-called “Public Law,” which seems to point to a trend towards shunning the legal power regulation. Finally, based on the functional method pioneered by Ernst Cassirer, legal institutions such as “collective will” and “public interest” will be problematised, in order to ascertain whether they contain theological, conservative and authoritarian traits incompatible with the conceptual and substantial unity intrinsic to the Rule of Law. (shrink)

This article investigates the existence of an original Brazilian legal culture. It parts from a critical examination of the key moments in the history of Brazil through the accounts of its most important scholars, such as Caio Prado Júnior, Darcy Ribeiro, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Wilson Martins, Oliveira Viana, Roberto Damatta, José Murilo de Carvalho, among others. It identifies in the Brazilian legal culture something one might call tradition of exception, which can be found in many of its most prominent (...) aspects, such as the persistent denial of any general or abstract regulatory standards, the uncritical introduction of foreign doctrines and legal patterns, the maintenance of aristocratic traditions in social life and the historical disregard of the Brazilian people as political subject. The article also offers a reflection on the problems and potentials of the current historic moment, in which for the first time Brazilians face the possibility of a genuine cultural emancipation. (shrink)

This article proposes a reflection on the persistence of Nazi jurisdictional models in contemporary legal theory, briefly comparing the work of authors such as Wolf, Larenz, Schmitt, Dworkin and Alexy. It aims to demonstrate the authoritarian and radically undemocratic character of certain theoretical constructions used in adjudication, particularly in Brazil. For this purpose, three representative judicial decisions from 2016 are analyzed, highlighting typical structural features of Nazi legal theory which remain accepted by current legal theory, such as the disregard for (...) legality, the personification of the community as judge and the appeal to social values which are taken as self-evident. (shrink)

RESUMO Um retorno ao ser aparece na contemporaneidade como uma via teórica importante para se pensar as possibilidades de uma política e de uma ética livres das conformações legadas pela história do Ocidente. É nesse sentido que Giorgio Agamben desenvolve em "O uso dos corpos" o que chamará de uma arqueologia da ontologia, buscando verificar se o acesso a uma ontologia ainda é possível nos dias de hoje. Partindo de Aristóteles, passando pela escolástica, até chegar a Heidegger, Agamben evidencia como (...) a divisão binária do ser - em duas experiências contrapostas e ao mesmo tempo dependentes - mantém-se como uma aporia no pensamento e na práxis ocidental. A ontologia, como lugar originário da articulação histórica entre linguagem e mundo, é então percorrida por suas fraturas, levando o filósofo a propor uma nova leitura do ser a partir do que entende como ontologia modal. A partir dessas ideias, busca-se investigar como essa articulação medial entre essência e existência, ser e ente, comum e singular - constituída sempre em devir - propiciaria uma nova perspectiva do ser, na qual ontologia e ética se confundem. ABSTRACT A return to the being emerges in the contemporaneity as an important theoretical way to think about the possibilities of a politics and an ethics free from the legacy bequeathed by the Western history. In this sense, Giorgio Agamben develops, in the book "The use of the bodies", what he calls an archaeology of ontology, seeking to verify if the access to an ontology is still possible nowadays. Starting from Aristotle, passing by the Scholastics, until arriving at Heidegger, Agamben highlights how the binary division of being - in two opposed and, at same time, dependent experiences - remains an aporia in Western thought and praxis. The ontology, as the origin of the historical articulation between language and world, is then traversed by its fractures, leading the philosopher to propose a new reading of the being from what he understands as modal ontology. From these ideas, we intend to investigate how this medial articulation between essence and existence, being and entity, common and singular -always founded in a becoming - would provide a new perspective of the being in which ontology and ethics end up mixed. (shrink)

Analisando a comunicação memética a partir dos pontos de vista da semiologia saussuriana e do dispositivo biopolítico tal como pensado por Foucault e Agamben, bem como estabelecendo conexões entre essas teorias e o uso desse tipo de comunicação na política brasileira contemporânea, foi possível perceber neste artigo que os memes, em especial os memes políticos, em vez de operarem por meio da subjetivação, operam como dispositivos dessubjetivantes.

Resenha de: AGAMBEN, Giorgio. Il regno e il giardino. Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 2019, 123 pp.

El texto presenta algunas consideraciones acerca de las principales relaciones que se establecen en el momento presente entre la ética, la política y la educación, tres dimensiones fundamentales e interrelacionados en la existencia humana, analizándolas en su expresión en las circunstancias características de los ámbitos socioeconómico, político y cultural. A partir del análisis de estas interrelaciones, se pretende delinear algunas propuestas para una convivencia armónica y respetuosa entre los seres humanos en el siglo XXI, a través de una formación ciudadana (...) que posibilite la convivencia multicultural y el acceso a una auténtica sociedad del conocimiento. En este sentido, se examinan algunos de los dilemas y demandas éticos para alcanzar dichas formas de organización social ideales.The text presents some considerations about main relations that are established in the present moment, between ethics, politics and education, three essential and related dimensions in human existence, analyzing it in its characteristics expressions in the social, economic, cultural and political fields. Starting from the exam of those relations, it pretends to outline some proposals in order to get a harmonious and respectful coexistence between human beings in the XXI century, through a civic formation that makes possible multicultural coexistence and the access to an authentic knowledge society. In this sense, it examines some of the ethical dilemma and requests in order to access those ideal social organizations forms. (shrink)

The way students perceive a learning climate (e.g. controlling or stimulating) is significantly influenced by feedback and assessment. However, at present much is unclear about the relation between feedback and motivational state. More specifically, the interplay with student characteristics is unclear. Since there is a strong increase of group work, the central research question is what are the effects of positive, neutral or negative feedback presented to collaborating teams of students, on students? intrinsic motivation, performance and on group processes? One (...) hundred thirty?eight higher education students participated in this study. There were no significant differences in performance across conditions. Multi?level analysis enabled a detailed comparison between groups and individual members of groups. Amongst others, it was found that feelings of competence facilitate the effect of positive feedback at the group level, which suggests that positive feedback boosts interest especially in groups of highly competent students. (shrink)

Although it is commonly believed that the concept of brain death was developed to benefit organ transplants, it evolved independently. Transplantation owed its development to advances in surgery and immunosuppressive treatment; BD owed its origin to the development of intensive care. The first autotransplant was achieved in the early 1900s, when studies of increased intracranial pressure causing respiratory arrest with preserved heartbeat were reported. Between 1902 and 1950, the BD concept was supported by the discovery of EEG, Crile’s definition of (...) death, the use of EEG to demonstrate abolition of brain potentials after ischaemia, and Crafoord’s statement that death was due to cessation of blood flow. Transplantation saw the first xenotransplant in humans and the first unsuccessful kidney transplant from a cadaver. In the 1950s, circulatory arrest in coma was identified by angiography, and the death of the nervous system and coma dépassé were described. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant. In the 1960s, the BD concept and organ transplants were instantly linked when the first kidney transplant using a brain-dead donor was performed; Schwab proposed to use EEG in BD; the Harvard Committee report and the Sydney Declaration appeared; the first successful kidney, lung and pancreas transplants using cadaveric donors were achieved; Barnard performed the first human heart transplant. This historical review demonstrates that the BD concept and organ transplantation arose separately and advanced in parallel, and only began to progress together in the late 1960s. Therefore, the BD concept did not evolve to benefit transplantation. (shrink)

Decisions related to animal welfare standards depend on farmer’s multiple goals and values and are constrained by a wide range of external and internal forces. The aim of this paper is twofold, i.e., to develop a theoretical framework for farmers’ AW decisions that incorporates farmers’ goals, use and non-use values and to present an approach to empirically implement the theoretical framework. The farmer as a head of the farm household makes choices regarding production to maximize the utility of the household. (...) The overall utility of the farmer is determined by his multiple objectives. For the analysis of multi-objective problems, the multiple criteria decision - making paradigm provides an appropriate theoretical framework. However, theories from the field of social-psychology are needed to facilitate the identification of all relevant aspects in the decision making. The practical use of the conceptual framework is demonstrated using a simple numerical application of a multi-objective programming model. Two workshops were devoted to examining the scientific consistency and the practical usefulness of the approach. Implementing this approach will increase knowledge of the main factors and barriers that determine farmers’ decisions with regard to AW standards. This knowledge is relevant during the development of new AW concepts that aims to supply products that comply with above-legal AW standards for middle-market segments. (shrink)